Traditionally the only suspect classification(s) was (or were):

Race.
Race and National Origin.
Race and Religion.
Race, religion, and national origin.

Upon what basis will a classification be deemed suspect?

If the discrimination is based on skin color or minority status.
If the discrimination is historically severe and pervasive.
If the discrimination is purposeful and invidious.
The determination is made on an ad hoc basis by the court.

Which of the following is most likely to satisfy the “purposeful” discrimination for a suspect classification?:

A facially discriminatory law.
A facially neutral law upon a showing of discriminatory effect.
A facially neutral law shown to be carried out in a discriminatory manner.
All of the above.

State affirmative action laws will be held to what standard of review?

Rational basis review.
Intermediate scrutiny.
Strict scrutiny.
None of the above.

Federal affirmative action laws will be held to what standard of review?

Rational basis review.
Intermediate scrutiny.
Strict scrutiny.
None of the above.