Bill and John have been involved in a motor vehicle collision that only involved two motor vehicles. Bill sues John in state court for negligence, where both admit that a blue car hit Bill’s sedan and that John was driving the blue car that hit Bill’s sedan. The case is tried before a judge, that is, there is no jury, and the judge rules that an unidentified maroon minivan hit Bill’s sedan and, therefore, John is not liable. Bill appeals to the appellate court. How is the appellate court likely to rule?

Affirmed.
Remanded for new trial, because the trial court did not hear from the unidentified motorist.
Remanded for new trial, because the trial court clearly abused its discretion.

Mary, who lives in California, has received a decision by the United States District Court for Iowa and does not agree. In most cases, where may Mary appeal the decision?

United States District Court for Iowa, Appellate Division
Iowa Supreme Court
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit